Abdominal pain is a frequent manifestation of disorders of the abdominal organs, but it may also result from disorders in which the primary problem lies outside the abdomen.The cause of abdominal problems can be hard to pinpoint. Sometimes serious and minor abdominal problems start with the same symptoms.
Any sudden, severe, unfamiliar stomach or abdominal pain lasting longer than 30 minutes requires immediate attention.
Facts about the intra- abdominal organs
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body, representing 2% of the total body weight with 1,5L of blood entering this organ every minute
The gallbladder holds about 50ml of bile but as much as 1,5L of bile is produced every day by the liver cells
Although the pancreas is only 12-15cm long and weighs about 100g, it produces 1-2L of secretions per day containing digestive enzymes
An amazing 250-350L of blood flow through the spleen every day with each red blood cell averaging 1 000 passes through this 12 by 7 cm organ each day
The volume of the empty stomach is only 50 ml but by a process of active relaxation, the stomach can accommodate about 1 000 mls before pressure in the lumen starts to rise
It is estimated that stool contains up to 400 different species of bacteria which participates in numerous physiological processes
The small intestine in an adult is 5-6m long and the principal function is absorbing nutrients from the food that we eat
Each kidney contains over 1 million functioning units called nephrons responsible for maintaining homeostasis of body fluids.
Site of the pain
The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants: upper right, upper left, lower left and lower right quadrants. Various regions are also present such as the epigastric region (in the centre just below the rib cage), periumbilical region (around the umbilicus) and pelvic region (in the centre just above the pelvic bone).
Pain that occurs in half or more of the abdomen is called generalised pain. Generalised pain can occur with many different illnesses, most of which will go away without medical treatment. Indigestion and the stomach flu (gastroenteritis) are common problems that can cause generalised abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain in children
This is a common childhood complaint ranging from mild discomfort to a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate attention. If a child has severe or persistent abdominal pain, get medical care without delay.
In most cases, surgery will not be required, but children with such symptoms should have a thorough checkup to make sure there is not a serious underlying problem.
Symptoms
Character of the pain
Dull, burning pain relieved by antacids or food, is classical of peptic ulcer disease.
Colicky pain, pain which comes and goes in waves, is related to obstruction of a hollow part of a organ seen in renal stone obstruction of an ureter and bowel obstruction. The accompanying irritable bowel syndrome is often described as cramping.
The lower abdominal pain of an urinary tract infection is burning in nature.
Accompanying symptoms and signs
Often the importance of abdominal pain can only be determined when other symptoms are evaluated. Abdominal pain without other symptoms is usually not a serious problem.
The patient with acute cholecystitis is often jaundiced (yellow discolouration of sclera and mucous membranes) and vomits intermittently.
The ureteric colic of a passing renal stone is usually accompanied by blood in the urine.
Diarrhea and/or vomiting are frequent complaints in a patient with abdominal pain related to gastroenteritis.
Alternating constipation and diarrhea is commonly found in irritable bowel syndrome.
Constipation and eventually the absence of any bowel actions can be a feature of colonic obstruction caused by a growing tumour.
Abnormal bleeding that accompanies abdominal pain is almost always an ominous sign. Vomiting of blood can indicate the presence of a peptic ulcer whereas blood passed per rectum can be related to diverticulitis or a tumour of the colon.
Lower left abdominal pain is the most common area for abdominal pain. You will know how debilitating lower left abdominal pain can be - whether it is an acute episode or chronic condition. The effects of abdominal pain can be devastating not just for the person living with the problem, but also for their family, friends and carers. Constant physical pain can impact on an individual's emotional well-being. People living with a chronic condition may become depressed, and in some cases driven to suicide to escape the pain!are totally unsuitable. They are too bulky, move out of position, compact and cause oreness.
The herbal and natural treatment provides lower left abdominal pain relief by using the herbal medicine when most people go to take medicine. At this time the multifides muscles that support the spine get a chance to recuperate and strengthen. This in turn kick starts the natural healing processes of the body. Natural Home remedies for the treatment of Abdominal Pain. The purpose of herbal treatment is not to take the place of necessary orthodox medical treatment. Combination of the both is a better choice.
Peppermint - The leaves or oil of peppermint have traditionally been used to treat indigestion, nausea, and abdominal cramps. An antispasmodic, peppermint relieves discomfort caused by spasms in the digestive tract. It also stimulates bile flow and gastric secretions. To make a tea, pour 1 cup boiling water over 1 to 2 teaspoons finely chopped leaves. Let steep for 5 to 10 minutes, then strain
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Physical Techniques Preventing General Low abdominal Pain
Steps you can take to prevent abdominal pain include the following:
Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
Consider having your gait evaluated and corrected, if appropriate, with fitted shoe inserts
Make sure your work surface is at a comfortable height for you.
Use a chair with good lower back support that may recline slightly.
If you must sit for long periods, rest your feet on the floor or on a low stool, whichever is more comfortable.
If you must stand for long periods, rest one foot on a low stool.
If you must drive long distances, use a pillow or a rolled-up towel behind the small of your back. Also, be sure to stop often and walk around for a few minutes.
If you have trouble sleeping, sleep on your back with a pillow under your knees or sleep on your side with your knees bent and a pillow between your knees.
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source:http://www.articlesbase.com
Abdominal pain is a common problem in children. Although most children with acute abdominal pain have self-limited conditions, the pain may herald a surgical or medical emergency. The most difficult challenge is making a timely diagnosis so that treatment can be initiated and morbidity prevented. This article provides a comprehensive clinical guideline for the evaluation of the child with acute abdominal pain.
The term "recurrent abdominal pain" as currently used clinically and in the literature should be retired. Functional abdominal pain is the most common cause of chronic abdominal pain. It is a specific diagnosis that needs to be distinguished from anatomic, infectious, inflammatory, or metabolic causes of abdominal pain. Functional abdominal pain may be categorized as one or a combination of: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, or functional abdominal pain syndrome (see table below titled "Recommended Clinical Definitions of Long-Lasting Intermittent or Constant Abdominal Pain in Children").
The most common medical cause is gastroenteritis, and the most common surgical cause is appendicitis. In most instances, abdominal pain can be diagnosed through the history and physical examination. Age is a key factor in evaluating the cause; the incidence and symptoms of different conditions vary greatly over the pediatric age spectrum. In the acute surgical abdomen, pain generally precedes vomiting, while the reverse is true in medical conditions.
Abdominal pain and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea, are common chief complaints in young children presenting in emergency departments (ED). It is the emergency physician’s role to differentiate between a self-limited process such as viral gastroenteritis or constipation and more lifethreatening surgical emergencies. Extra-abdominal conditions such as pneumonia or pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection also can present with abdominal pain and must be considered.
Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for a parent to bring his or her child to medical attention. The evaluation of a "tummy ache" can challenge both parents and the physician. Possible causes for a child's abdominal pain range from trivial to life threatening, with little difference in the child's complaints. Fortunately, abdominal pain in a child most often improves quickly. The difficulty for a parent or caregiver lies in deciding which complaints need emergency care and which do not.
Bacteria and viruses are responsible in case of abdominal pain due to infections. Gastroenteritis and stomach flu are some of the examples of infections that can cause stomach aches. Gastroenteritis is the inflammation and irritation of stomach and the gastrointestinal passage. Extra care must be taken by travelers, as the food and drinks can be contaminated at new locations and can lead to traveler’s getting diarrhea.
Abdominal pain in children may be mild or serious. It can be termed serious, if it is accompanied by diarrhoea and sickness or if it has lasted continuously for more than three hours or if it is accompanied by fever and the child’s neck glands are found swollen and his throat red or if the pain persists for several days.
The character of abdominal pain vary according to the site of the pain and the underlying cause. Thus in case of colic, a frequent cause of this problem, the pain may be sudden and spasmodic. There may be faintness, nausea and perhaps vomiting. The patient lies on his back and folds the legs and presses them over the abdomen to put pressure on it, which gives a sense of relief.
source:http://www.articlesbase.com
February, 2008
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